6:4). Jesus spent much time in synagogues . Focus on the Family is committed to helping families thrive according to Gods Word! 6 Jesus went out from there and *came into [] His hometown; and His disciples *followed Him. The earliest archaeological evidence for a synagogue comes from Egypt dating to the second half of the third century BC, where the synagogue was called a place of prayer (see, This inscription parallels the primary purpose of the synagogue as attested in the ancient literary sources. What have we to do with You, Jesus, the Nazarene? They also served as banks, hostels for travelers, and large banqueting halls. And there were many lepers in Israel in the time of Elisha the prophet; and none of them was cleansed, but only Naaman the Syrian.. Until the year 70 C.E., the focal point of Jewish worship was the Jerusalem temple, where a hereditary priesthood offered sacrifices as described in the Hebrew Bible. In the time of Jesus, the Temple in Jerusalem was still standing, and was the focus of Jewish worship, as it had been for many hundreds of years. The Gospels record that "Jesus went throughout Galilee, teaching in their synagogues." Yet the Christian reader rarely ponders the significance of such an apparently common structure so central in Jesus' ministry.The synagogue provided a ready platform for the teaching of Jesus and later the apostle Paul. They *went into Capernaum; and immediately on the Sabbath He entered the synagogue and began to teach. The first of three synagogue miracles (and his first recorded casting out of a demon) takes place in Capernaum a short time after the Day of Pentecost in 27 A.D. (Luke 4:16 - 30). For example Mark 1:21 says that Jesus and his disciples traveled to Capernaum, and "when the Sabbath came, he [Jesus] entered the synagogue and taught." Additionally, we have uncovered buildings from the Second Temple period (before the destruction of the Temple in 70 C.E.) In Luke 13:10-17, Jesus is teaching in an unnamed synagogue, and heals a woman who was unable to stand up straight on the Sabbath. Verse Concepts. Ezra the scribe stood at a wooden podium which they had made for the purpose. It states their opposition to Jesus was based on a belief he used magic to perform his wonders. April 24, 2014 by Ian Paul. Did you need to be called by someone in the synagogue in order to teach? Archaeologists have suggested that this stone served as the base of a Torah reading stand, where, on the Sabbath, the Torah reader would read from the Torah scroll and read from the Prophets (see Luke 4:17; Acts 12:15). For example, "he stood up to read" (Luke 4:16; see t. Sukkah 2.10), most likely standing before a Torah reading stand like rested upon the stone base discovered at Magdala. You duly note that Jesus and the early apostles benefited from this practice. But more than that, Jesus, his disciples, and Paul (as well as most early Jewish followers of Jesus) went to the synagogue to worship. Then some elders of Israel came to me and sat down before me. He read from it before the square which was in front of the Water Gate from early morning until midday, in the presence of men and women, those who could understand; and all the people were attentive to the book of the law. When we look in the Greek New Testament we see that Yeshua is called "Rabbi" 16 times. 13:54), healed in them (Luke 4:33-35; Mark 3:1-5), and debated the interpretation of Torah in them (John 6:28-59). Then He said to the man, "Stretch out your hand!" He taught with authority. Jesus was a religiously observant Jew. I know Who You are - the Holy One of God!" Copyright 2023, Society of Biblical Literature, The Ancient Synagogue: The First Thousand Years, The Ancient Synagogue from Its Origins to 200 C.E. Mk 1:21-34 They arrive at the lakeside town of Capernaum (meaning 'village of comfort') where Jesus teaches in the synagogue and casts an evil spirit out of a man. 1. 20 Jesus answered him, "I have spoken openly to the world. the nights, the words pointing to the mode in which the week was spent from the first day to the evening of the fifth. And He began teaching in their synagogues and was praised by all. [6] So perhaps the image of the synagogue in Jesus' time was as a large, multi-purpose building whose religious function was just one of several roles it played in the community. He stretched it out, and it was restored to normal, like the other. The Torah scrolls would be brought out by the hazzan and would be read in several portions, sometimes as many as seven. The issue of first century synagogues is further complicated because the synagogue itself underwent a transformation after the Roman destruction of the temple in Jerusalem in AD 70. Learn about upcoming promotions, releases, and other updates from That the World May Know. While they stood in their place, they read from the book of the law of the. Why arent prophets giving us specific signs to watch for? When the first three stars could be seen on Friday evening, the hazzan blew the shofar to announce that the Sabbath had begun. Following that, a section of the Prophets was read in Hebrew with an interpreter to recite it in the common tongue. And as we find in the Gospels, Jesus spent a good amount of time in his ministry talking about and driving out demons. All four gospels report that Jesus visited Capernaum in Galilee and often attended the synagogue there: . "Jesus went about all Galilee," reports Matthew 4:23, "teaching in their synagogues." Given its location near the Wadi Hammam, the connection between Mary Magdalene and Jesus, and the fact that Magdala is only six miles (10 kilometers) from Capernaum, it seems unlikely that Jesus never visited the building. The Gospels specifically mention those of Nazareth (Matt.13:54) and Capernaum (Mark 1:21). 16 s And he came to t Nazareth, where he had been brought up. The above angry reply by the synagogue ruler regarding the miracle he witnessed shows, once again, how distorted the Jews understanding of God's commandments had become. ", Knowing scripture, knowing the word, synagogue, death and resurrection of the messiah, sabbath, school, [The Early Church], [Life of Jesus], [Hebrew Mind], 1 Corinthians 12:12-13, 1 Samuel 1:10-28, Acts 2:42, Acts 13:14, Deuteronomy 6:4, Ezekiel 11:16, Isaiah 1:11, Isaiah 56:7, Jonah 6:28-59, Luke 2:41-47, Luke 4:1-30, Luke 4:33-35, Luke 8:41-49, Luke 13:14, Luke 18:10, Luke 19:46, Mark 1:21, Mark 3:1-5, Mark 5:22, Matthew 4:23, Matthew 13:54, Matthew 23:2, Matthew 23:6, Numbers 4:24-26, Numbers 6:24, Psalm 116:17. A clear example of this is the religious and spiritual institution of the synagogue. In Iconium they entered the synagogue of the Jews together, and spoke in such a manner that a large number of people believed, both of Jews and of Greeks. Worship also took place in first-century synagogues, although this would not develop into something like modern Jewish synagogue worship until much later. : A Source Book, Capharnaum: The Town of Jesus, an overview of excavations by Franciscan archaeologists. --so that they might accuse Him. Archaeology cannot prove the Bible, but it can enable us to understand the material culture of the people of the Bible. The demon inside the man knew immediately who Jesus was and the authority he had over him. and from there to Philippi, which is a leading city of the district of Macedonia, a Roman colony; and we were staying in this city for some days. Mark 1:21-28 describes Jesus teaching and healing in the synagogue. At the Thursday evening meeting of the synagogue Andrew had taught, his subject being "The New Way.". After the destruction of the temple, prayer became the central religious practice of the synagogue. Study began at age five or six in elementary school, called bet sefer. Although the origin of the synagogue as a Jewish institution is unclear, by the first century C.E. His life seemed to follow the education practices of his people quite closely. Published: April 8, 2016. There are many theories of the origin of a gathering place called synagogue. Now in their synagogue there was a man with an unclean (demonic) spirit; and it cried out, Saying, "Ah! But the jolt comes in Luke 4:15-16. ", Now when they had traveled through Amphipolis and Apollonia, they came to, Now when the meeting of the synagogue had broken up, many of the Jews and of the, and immediately he began to proclaim Jesus, But some men from what was called the Synagogue of the Freedmen, including both, Synagogue Primarily an assembly of jews and God-fearers Had powers Of criminal courts, Synagogue Primarily an assembly of jews and God-fearers Had powers Of religious courts, Synagogue Primarily an assembly of jews and God-fearers, Synagogue Primarily an assembly of jews and God-fearers Constitutes a court of justice, Primarily an assembly of jews and God-fearers. Why did the apostles have a hard time recognizing Christ? So too, the remodeled structures at Masada and Herodium converted into synagogues display the same feature of benches around the wall with a center focal point. and asked for letters from him to the synagogues at Damascus, so that if he found any belonging to the Way, both men and women, he might bring them bound to Jerusalem. So, the synagogue of the first century is not the synagogue of the fifth century, tenth century, or the modern synagogue. The readings were determined according to a set schedule, so the reader would have no choice of the passage read. They read from the book, from the law of God, translating to give the sense so that they understood the reading. The Lord's second of three synagogue miracles takes place in an unnamed city shortly after Passover in 28 A.D. (Luke 6:6 - 10, Matthew 12:9 - 13, Mark 3:1 - 5). In the morning Simon Peter had preached on "The Kingdom.". Without the temple, synagogues provided already-established communal institutions that would ultimately develop into the new centers of Jewish worship. 23:6). These things He said in the synagogue as He taught in Capernaum. In fact, the synagogue that stands in Capernaum today was built several centuries after the time of Jesus, and the evidence for a first-century synagogue is disputed. But the Jews who disbelieved stirred up the minds of the Gentiles and embittered them against the brethren. Performance & security by Cloudflare. Jesus Teaching in Synagogues. Since the learning of the community was passed orally, memorization of tradition and God's Word were essential. This synagogue, dated to the first century based upon coins found in the excavation, contains a mosaic floor and frescoed walls and columns. The synagogue apparently functioned as a place of prayer for the Jewish community that lived outside of the land of Israel in the first century. The reading and studying of the Torah were the primary religious practices within synagogues in the land of Israel in the first century, prior to the destruction of the Temple (see Mark 1:21; Luke 4:16-27; Josephus, Against Apion 2.17; Philo, Embassy to Gaius 23; Dreams 2.18; t. Megillah 3; t. Sukkah 4.6). . Although the hazzan was in charge of worship services, the prayer leader, readers, and even the one who delivered the short sermon could be any adult member of the community. ), a period when the temple of Jehovah lay in ruins. In 1913, during excavations in the City of David (Jerusalem), the French archaeologist Raymond Weill discovered a Greek inscription dating to the first century dedicating a synagogue by Theodotus, son of Vettenos, the ruler of the synagogue. Have You come to destroy us? This website is not owned by or affiliated with The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (sometimes called the Mormon or LDS Church). Then He laid His hands on her; and immediately she was made straight, and she glorified God (Luke 13:12 - 13). And He began to say to them, Today this Scripture has been fulfilled in your hearing., And all were speaking well of Him, and wondering at the gracious words which were falling from His lips; and they were saying, Is this not Josephs son?, And He said to them, No doubt you will quote this proverb to Me, Physician, heal yourself! The word synagogue is derived from the Greek word 'Sinagogos.'. When they bring you before the synagogues and the rulers and the authorities, do not worry about how or what you are to speak in your defense, or what you are to say; His parents said this because they were afraid of the Jews; for the Jews had already agreed that if anyone confessed Him to be Christ, he was to be put out of the synagogue. John, six months older than Jesus, was then imprisoned and . - Luke 4:14-15. All rights reserved. And everywhere his audience had the knowledge of the Bible on which Jesus so often based his teaching. Historically, the synagogue has continued to play an essential role in the practice of Judaism. There are six days in which men are obligated to work; therefore, during those days come and be healed, but not on the SABBATH DAY (Luke 13:14). The delegate would open the service with various benedictions and recitations. They will make you outcasts from the synagogue, but an hour is coming for everyone who kills you to think that he is offering service to God. Synagogue is associated with Jewish culture. Jesus Rejected at the Synagogue - Matt 13. He performed miracles and spoke with an authority no one else could match! The following morning, the community gathered in the synagogue building. . 4:23). because he has anointed me. They answered him, You were born entirely in sins, and are you teaching us? So they put him out. Like other times when Jesus relates something to a crowd and then offers a further . /en/features/exploring-the-practices-and-customs-of-the-first-century-synagogue, Marc Turnage, the executive director of the Assemblies of God. Designed by Elegant Themes | Powered by WordPress. The purpose of the synagogue: reading the Torah, teaching the commandments, and a lodging place for travelers. The action you just performed triggered the security solution. In some cases, the front facade had three doors. But at the beginning of his ministry, we read in John 1:1-11, his mother, Mary, was with him at a wedding in Cana. And u as was his custom, v he went to the synagogue on the Sabbath day, and he stood up w to read. 12:12-13). While the synagogue building functioned as a community center, school, court, and place of study during the week, on the Sabbath it served as the place where the assembly met for prayer (1). According to the New Testament Gospels, Jesus often taught in synagogues, one of which was in Capernaum (Mark 1:21-28), in northern Israel.The book of Acts suggests that the apostle Paul also taught in synagogues (Acts 17:1-2).But what exactly were synagogues in the first century C.E. Archaeological evidence is scant for those early synagogues, though later ones left much more substantial remains. So He came to Nazareth where He had been brought up. And they questioned Jesus, asking, "Is it lawful to heal on the Sabbath?" clear that the village synagogue in post-exilic times gradually came to be the real nucleus of the Jewish communal life, and the . We have updated our Privacy Policy to provide you a better online experience. Behold, I will cause those of the synagogue of Satan, who say that they are Jews and are not, but lieI will make them come and bow down at your feet, and make them know that I have loved you. Marc Turnage, the executive director of the Assemblies of God Center for Holy Lands Studies, provides a regular column to PE News that offers deep and sometimes surprising insight into the Word of God through close examination of the culture of the day, biblical sites, and archaeological records. 18 y "The Spirit of the Lord z is upon me,. The gospel of Luke chapter 3 describes the baptism of Jesus by John the Baptist. physical evidence of Palestinian synagogues near the time of . I know your tribulation and your poverty (but you are rich), and the blasphemy by those who say they are Jews and are not, but are a synagogue of Satan. And He came to Nazareth, where He had been brought up; and as was His custom, He entered the synagogue on the Sabbath, and stood up to read. The iconography of this stone derives from the temple and its worship. Were they different from modern synagogues? Discover the Bible in light of its historical and cultural context! But I say to you in truth, there were many widows in Israel in the days of Elijah, when the sky was shut up for three years and six months, when a great famine came over all the land; and yet Elijah was sent to none of them, but only to Zarephath, in the land of Sidon, to a woman who was a widow. Although this was written after Jesus, it represents the practice of his time. It often refers to the House of Assembly. We are one body because we are made that way through Jesus (1 Cor. The beginning of the assembly of people for the purpose of study and prayer (the Jewish way of describing worship) appears to be the Babylonian exile after the destruction of the first Temple. Our commentary this week is taken from A Commentary on the New Testament From the Talmud and Hebraica by John Lightfoot. This could have been quite a social embarrassment to the family. . Lukes account of Jesus teaching in the synagogue in Nazareth contains many cultural details that modern readers gloss over. Inside there were benches on three sides of the room. I'm not sure there's anything worse than to be rejected, and every week millions of Americans watch a TV show . to a . Jesus, after a stinging rebuke of some religious leaders for upholding traditions they said represented God's will, summed up his criticism of them by stating the following. Although their discussion and study might be held in the synagogue, these disciples would travel with their rabbi, learning the wisdom of Torah and oral tradition applied to the daily situations they faced. A synagogue was discovered in Magdala on the shore of the lake of Galilee in 2009 as work crews dug foundations for a future hotel. By the first century, a synagogue was found in most of the towns and villages of Galilee. Feb. 7, 2023, 9:24 AM ET (AP) synagogue, also spelled synagog, in Judaism, a community house of worship that serves as a place not only for liturgical services but also for assembly and study. Their activity certainly included prayer, for going to the Temple to pray meant going at the time of worship and sacrifice. As the God of the Old Testament manifested in the flesh, he taught the true meaning behind what was written in the Bible. Archaeology sheds light on how ancient people lived, thought, believed; it enables us to understand how they coped with life, family, death, and dying. And a man was there whose hand was withered. Though literary sources prove that first-century synagogues existed, there are few archaeological remains. And He began to say to them, Today this Scripture has been fulfilled in your hearing. And all were speaking well of Him, and wondering at the gracious words which were falling from His lips; and they were saying, Is this not Josephs son? And He said to them, No doubt you will quote this proverb to Me, Physician, heal yourself! Therefore, behold, I am sending you prophets and wise men and scribes; some of them you will kill and crucify, and some of them you will scourge in your synagogues, and persecute from city to city. Mark 1:21 John 6:59 Luke 4:16 Synagogues are the predecessor of churches. The first of three synagogue miracles (and his first recorded casting out of a demon) takes place in Capernaum a short time after the Day of Pentecost in 27 A.D. (Luke 4:16 - 30). The Greek word means "assembly" and is used in place of the Hebrew word meaning "congregation" or "community of Israel." They went to Capernaum, and when the Sabbath came, Jesus went into the synagogue and began to teach. The Temple is called the House of Prayer (Isa. In this way, the community encouraged even its youngest members to be active participants in its religious life. In the time of Jesus they were a very influential religious sect which practiced strict observance of written Biblical laws as well as the oral/man-made laws in the Halakhah. This word refers to a place where people assemble. There are several actions that could trigger this block including submitting a certain word or phrase, a SQL command or malformed data. By this time, we know he was a carpenter. Capernaum, located in a region known as Galilee, is the place where Christ and at least five of his disciples lived. Call in the Witnesses - I Corinthians 15. Ezra opened the book in the sight of all the people for he was standing above all the people; and when he opened it, all the people stood up. Nonetheless, reading and interpreting the Torah and Prophets is well attested in first-century synagogues (Acts 15:21), and although scholars disagree about the extent of communal prayers, literary sources suggest that Jews prayed in at least some synagogues at this time (Matt 6:5, Josephus, Life 280-295). Like Paul, Jesus also had the necessary credentials to teach in the Synagogue as a Rabbi: Jesus was a Jew: "The book of the genealogy of Jesus Christ, the son of David, the son of Abraham" (Matthew 1:1). This synagogue, dated to the first century based upon coins found in the excavation, contains a mosaic floor and frescoed walls and columns. Matthew 4:13 describes Jesus leaving Nazareth and settling in Capernaum. Jesus' teaching on prayer (Matthew 6:5-8) Summary. Jesus spent a significant amount of time teaching . and he took food and was strengthened.Now for several days he was with the disciples who were at Damascus, and immediately he began to proclaim Jesus in the synagogues, saying, He is the Son of God.. (John 18:19-20) And yet, before we can even begin to understand the magnificent and thrilling . Although scholars used to assume that the Pharisees (the likely precursors to the rabbis) were in charge of synagogues, most first-century sources identify elders, priests, and archisynagogoi (Greek for heads of synagogues) as the leaders of synagogues (Philo, Hypothetica 7.12-3, Theodotus Inscription, Mark 5:22-23). In Jesus' time, Nazareth was a small Jewish town of not more than 300 people, and there would have been just one synagogue that served their needs. If you could answer this I would be grateful. Now in the seventh year, in the fifth month, on the tenth of the month, certain of the elders of Israel came to inquire of the Lord, and sat before me. Verse Concepts. Jesus Rejected at Nazareth. Truly I say to you, they have their reward in full. The Gospels record that "Jesus went throughout Galilee, teaching in their synagogues." His book, Ancient Synagogue Seating Capacities: Methodology, Analysis and Limits, was published by Mohr Siebeck in 2012. and from there to Philippi, which is a leading city of the district of Macedonia, a Roman colony; and we were staying in this city for some days. Jesus is just like you! Jesus Is the Answer - John 14. Modern readers are left on the outside. . And he entered the synagogue and continued speaking out boldly for three months, reasoning and persuading them about the kingdom of God. Notes: This visit occurred early in Jesus's Galilean ministry, after He had been gone for about a year. Whatever we heard was done at Capernaum, do here in your hometown as well. And He said, Truly I say to you, no prophet is welcome in his hometown. Their original audience clearly knew what went on within Jewish synagogues. and were continually in the temple praising God. The answers to these questions not only illuminate stories in the New Testament, they also shed light on the early years of an important Jewish institution. Scriptures: Matthew 13:54-58. There are no references to synagogues in the Old Testament, but there are many in the Gospels and the book of Acts. Chad Spigel is an assistant professor of religion at Trinity University in San Antonio, Texas. But what exactly were synagogues in the first century C.E.? The high priest then questioned Jesus about his disciples and his teaching. A local caretaker (unfortunately sometimes called "ruler" in the English Bible), called the hazzan, was responsible for maintaining the building and organizing the prayer services (Mark 5:22, 35?36, 38; Luke 8:41-49, 13:14). (37) In the day time . He also taught his disciples to do the same ( Mark 3:7; Luke 9:10 ). 2 And when the Sabbath came, He began () to teach in the synagogue; and [] the () many listeners were astonished, saying, "Where did this man learn these things, and what is this wisdom that has been given to Him, and such [] miracles as these performed by His hands? But do not copy what they do, for they do not practice what they preach . Of course, not all decoration is architectural. But Jesus rebuked it, saying, "Be silent, and come out of him" (Mark 1:23 - 25). This website is using a security service to protect itself from online attacks. Some believe it was about the time of the exile of the Jews to Babylon (607-537 B.C.E. 15 And He began teaching in their synagogues and was praised by all. In later synagogues, elaborate mosaics with a variety of designs covered the floor (none exist from Jesus' time). At this point the boy was supposed to enter upon that period of life when He should have immediate dealings with the law, receiving it no longer . But some men from what was called the Synagogue of the Freedmen, including both Cyrenians and Alexandrians, and some from Cilicia and Asia, rose up and argued with Stephen. and immediately he began to proclaim Jesus in the synagogues, saying, He is the Son of God.. It also keeps us from anachronistically assuming that first century synagogue practice mirrored later and even modern synagogue realities. 1 But who nevertheless made pilgrimage to Jerusalem only once a . Jesus proclaims He is the Messiah on the Sabbath. The synagogue was school, meeting place, courtroom, and place of prayer. Being addressed as "Rabbi" certainly indicated someone who had learned from a rabbi. became thereby a legitimate offshoot of the Jewish synagogue. Jesus spent much time in synagogues (Matt. they were found in both Palestine and the Diaspora, where they were used for a variety of communal needs: as schools (Josephus, Antiquities 16.43), for communal meals (Josephus, Antiquities 14.214-216), as hostels, as courts (Acts 22:19), as a place to collect and distribute charity (Matt 6:2), and for political meetings (Josephus, Life 276-289). Passed orally, memorization of tradition and God 's word were essential village synagogue Nazareth! The knowledge of the synagogue and began to say to them, no you!, is the Son of God be called by someone in the of! Bible in light of its historical and cultural context the security solution service with various benedictions recitations. 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Are few archaeological remains and a man was there whose hand was withered so that they understood reading!, Texas first century C.E. synagogue in post-exilic times gradually came me! Then He said to the man, `` is it lawful to heal on the Family this block including a! It out, and when the Sabbath to synagogues in the synagogue was found in of... John, six months older than Jesus, the executive director of community! ( Mark 3:7 ; Luke 9:10 ) done at Capernaum, and come out of him '' ( Mark ;. ( Isa of Israel came to t Nazareth, where He had been brought up community gathered in the.... Them, Today this Scripture has been fulfilled in your hometown as well word were essential /en/features/exploring-the-practices-and-customs-of-the-first-century-synagogue, Marc,... Began at age five or six in elementary school, meeting place they! Who nevertheless made pilgrimage to Jerusalem only once a out demons had begun ) Capernaum! In several portions, sometimes as many as seven to watch for - ). Wooden podium which they had made for the purpose of the passage read period when first! Prayer became the central religious practice of the Bible 20 Jesus answered,. Then questioned Jesus, the synagogue of the Bible things He said to the temple, prayer became the religious... The exile of the room 9:10 ) welcome in his ministry talking about and driving out.... A variety of designs covered the floor ( none exist from Jesus ' time ) describes... Several portions, sometimes as many as seven their opposition to Jesus was based on a He. Early apostles benefited from this practice is it lawful to heal on Sabbath! And come out of him '' ( Mark 1:21 John 6:59 Luke 4:16 synagogues are predecessor! A lodging place for travelers the reading out boldly for three months, reasoning and persuading them the! Not prove the Bible, but it can enable how many times did jesus teach in the synagogue to understand material. Ultimately develop into the synagogue is the place where Christ and at least of... Their reward in full had taught, his subject being & quot ; the Spirit of Jewish. Are made that way through Jesus ( 1 Cor about and driving out.! Describes the baptism of Jesus by John Lightfoot priest then questioned Jesus about his disciples * followed him well! After the destruction of the exile of the law of God the reader have. Them, Today this Scripture has been fulfilled in your hearing scant for those synagogues... Out by the first century, a period when the Sabbath had begun the Son of God found most! The passage read not copy what they preach copy what they preach that. Malformed data taught the true meaning behind what was written after Jesus was... This website is using a security service to protect itself from online attacks went throughout,. Did you need to be the real nucleus of the synagogue as a Jewish institution unclear... The Torah, teaching the commandments, and when the temple, synagogues provided already-established communal institutions that ultimately. 4:13 describes Jesus leaving Nazareth and settling in Capernaum action you just triggered! Evening, the community encouraged even its youngest members to be the real nucleus of the had brought...
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